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António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (29 November 1874 – 13 December 1955), known as Egas Moniz (), was a Portuguese neurologist and the developer of cerebral angiography. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern psychosurgery,〔 〕 having developed the surgical procedure ''leucotomy''known better today as ''lobotomy''for which he became the first Portuguese national to receive a Nobel Prize in 1949 (shared with Walter Rudolf Hess).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Comments by Carl Skottsberg, President of the Royal Academy of Sciences (Sweden), Nobel Medicine Prize Banquet 1949 )〕 He held academic positions, wrote many medical articles and also served in several legislative and diplomatic posts in the Portuguese government. In 1911 he became professor of neurology in Lisbon until his retirement in 1944. At the same time, he pursued a demanding political career. ==Education and career== Moniz was born in Avanca, Estarreja, Portugal, as António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz. He attended Escola do Padre José Ramos and Colégio de S. Fiel dos Jesuítas, studied medicine at the University of Coimbra, then trained in neurology in Bordeaux and Paris. In 1902, he became a professor in the Department of Neurology, but soon left that post on entering politics in 1903. He established the Partido Republicano Centrista and represented it in the Portuguese parliament from 1903 to 1917. Later he was Portugal's ambassador to Madrid (1917) and minister of foreign affairs (1918), in which function he attended the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. Meanwhile, he continued to practice medicine and teach physiology and anatomy, and in 1911 he became a professor of neurology at the newly established University of Lisbon. In 1920, he gave up politics and returned to medicine and writing full-time.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Biography )〕 In 1927 Moniz developed cerebral angiography, a technique allowing blood vessels in and around the brain to be visualized; in various forms it remains a fundamental tool both in diagnosis and in the planning of surgeries on the brain. For this, he was nominated twice for the Nobel Prize.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=World of Scientific Discovery on Antonio Egas Moniz )〕 He also contributed to the development of Thorotrast for use in the procedure and contributed many lectures and papers on the subject. He is considered a pioneer in the field. In 1936, he published his first report of performing a prefrontal leucotomy on a human patient,〔 and subsequently devised the leucotome for use in the procedure. He judged the results acceptable in the first 40 or so patients he treated, claiming, "Prefrontal leukotomy is a simple operation, always safe, which may prove to be an effective surgical treatment in certain cases of mental disorder."〔 He also claimed that any behavioral and personality deterioration that may occur was outweighed by reduction in the debilitating effects of the illness.〔 But he conceded that patients who had already deteriorated from the mental illness did not benefit much, and he did no long-term follow up. The procedure enjoyed a brief vogue, and in 1949 he received the Nobel Prize, "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses."〔 (【引用サイトリンク】title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949 )〕 In 1949, Moniz was shot by a patient, and subsequently used a wheelchair.〔"He was forced to retire from his professorship when he turned 70 in 1943, but he stayed fairly active in the field until 1949 when a paranoid patient (who did not have a leucotomy) shot him four times." 〕〔"Aged 65, he was shot by a patient suffering from schizophrenia; partially recovered, he died on 18th December 1955." 〕〔Jansson, Bengt (29 October 1998) ("Controversial Psychosurgery Resulted in a Nobel Prize" ). Retrieved 05-02-2012〕 He continued in private practice until 1955, when he died just as his procedure was falling into disrepute.〔〔Feldman, Burton ''The Nobel Prize'', pp. 286–289, Arcade Publishing, 2000 ISBN 1-55970-537-X〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「António Egas Moniz」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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